Standards+&+Protocols+(Sarah)

**__﻿ ﻿ __Standards & Protocols **
**﻿Definition: ** Standards and protocols are technical rules and conventions that enable compatibility and therefore facilitate communication or interoperability between different IT systems and their components. They might govern the design and use of hardware, software and information. For example, the communication protocols used on the internet, the ASCII representations for characters, or the design of the printer port on a personal computer are all governed by standards. **﻿ ** **Standards ** At the technical and developmental level, the Internet is made possible through creation, testing and implementation of Internet Standards. These standards are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force. The standards are then considered by the Internet Engineering Steering Group, with appeal to theInternet Architecture Board, and promulgated by the Internet Society as international standards. The RFC Editor is responsible for preparing and organizing the standards in their final form. The standards may be found at numerous sites distributed throughout the world, such as the Internet Engineering Task Force. **Protocols**   One of the two most important protocols (written together as TCP/IP) that make internet possible. IP divides flow of data into packets (each carrying up to 65,535 eight-bit bytes) and attaches a header containing forwarding address for its correct transmission to the intended receiver. Each computer has at least one IP (internet protocol) address. IP is like a language that computers use to communicate over the internet.


 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">A typical IP address looks like this: ** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">216.27.61.137

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**Since computers communicate in binary form, the same IP address looks like this in** <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">**binary:** <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">11011000.00011011.00111101.10001001 <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The four sets of numbers are called octets. They are split into two sections, Net and Host. The unique address identifies a computer in a network

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">This is an explanation of what VoIP is. || <span style="color: #0023ff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> media type="youtube" key="lEw3Ky8615g?fs=1" height="236" width="361" ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Internet Control Messege Protocol (ICMP)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">User Diagram Protocol (UDP)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Post Office Protocol (POP3)
 * [[image:itgsopedia:internet_arch.jpg width="359" height="227" caption="Different types of protocols"]] || * **// network layer //** concerned with physical connection between nodes
 * **// internet layer //** deals with addressing and fragmentation of packets (includes ICMP)
 * **// transport layer //** provides reliable connections (for TCP) between processes on hosts
 * **// application layer //** contains protocols used by applications ||
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px;">Emerging Technology: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
 * **<span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Articles related to Internet Protocols: **
 * [|Comparing the IPV4 and IPV6]


 * [|Companies should adopt new Internet addressing scheme]


 * [|Hacker Gets 10 Years For $1.4 Million VoIP Theft]


 * [|UK ISPs Warned that Failed IPv6 Adoption is a Disaster Waiting to Happen]

<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is the protocol used by web server to allow web pages to be shown in a web browser. If you look up into the address bar of your web browser, the place where you type in the address that you want to visit, it has the prefix "http://" in front of the address. Because most web browsers are capable of FTP as well as viewing web pages, the http tells the browser what kind of information to expect.
 * [|Internet Infastructure] || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;">__ HTTP __

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 14px;">__ FTP __ File Transfer Protocol, or FTP, is a means of transferring a file from one computer to another. FTP is commonly used for uploading a web page to a web server so that it may be seen on the World Wide Web. A special program, called a client, is usually needed to use FTP. || >
 * <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">The Internet Explained || media type="youtube" key="qv0XCaUkfNk?fs=1" height="286" width="433" ||